Good</sub> is the gamma ray/potassium/thorium index, A

where I journal denotes the total natural gamma ray/potassium/thorium reading in the zone of interest, A minute shows the average natural gamma ray/potassium/thorium response of the clean (clay free) zone, A max indicates the average natural gamma ray/potassium/thorium response of the pure clay zone .

There are numerous training where Th/U ratio was utilized to spot the depositional ecosystem [39, 40]

However, some variations of the above-mentioned parameters can induce large effects on the log responses, so that the linear equation, called gamma ray index (IA in Table 1 when A is the gamma ray log readings), gives an overestimate of the clay contents in the reservoirs. Thus, the linear gamma ray index should be modified using one of the empirically derived non-linear calibration equations such as those introduced by Larinov , Clavier , Steiber , Dewan , or Bhuyan and Passey (Table 1). These transforms are all in the non-linear form except for that of Bhuyan and Passey , which is developed based on the assumption that the estimation of weight percent clay can be modified by multiplying the gamma ray/potassium/thorium index by an empirical correction factor, i.e., C. This factor is basically determined from the weight percent clay content of average shale adjacent to the zone of interest , and commonly ranges from 50 to 70 [10, 13, 14]. Accordingly, the rock can be differentiated as clean, if the calculated clay content is less than 10%; shaly sand if it ranged from 10 to 33% and if it is more than 33%, it is considered to be shale .

The latest gamma beam hobby in the development is not solely relevant for the clay vitamins. For this reason, as the pure gamma beam logs are usually an educated evidence of one’s clay articles, they need to be used with alerting [10, 11]. The fresh mistakes throughout the quote regarding clay posts away from wireline logs will be reduced, when they calibrated against the mineralogy investigation extracted from cores. Multiple degree delivered a correlations between your research-derived clay information and beliefs computed from the modified natural gamma ray log as well as spectral parts study while the others failed to assistance this reality. Particularly, Heslop argued the changed absolute gamma ray journal provide a beneficial correlations to the X-beam diffraction analysis. Johnson and you will Linke , according to research by the cation change capability study within the Mackensie delta town, concluded that the latest changed sheer gamma beam method do supply the reputable clay articles. In the place of, Causey discovered that the altered pure gamma ray diary is by far the most right clay indication inside the study, though it performed overestimate the fresh clay content material when compared with the fresh new lab investigation. Jurado affirmed that changed natural gamma beam and its particular spectral section data are useful and effective tools on the identity/measurement of your clay nutrition, because of their high and you will low readings regarding the shale and you will brush zones, respectively. Almost every other some research has started accomplished utilising the consolidation out of new research, together with record-derived clay nutrient viewpoints on the subsurface formations [18, 31,30,thirty-two,33,34].

The fresh thorium to uranium (Th/U) ratio may differ towards the sedimentary processes and you will circumstances as well as into depositional ecosystem; hence, it can be utilized to distinguish the environment and operations

The potassium and thorium concentrations are not only linked to the clay content, but also to the changes in the weathering regime of sediments in the source lands [35,36,37]. The Th/U ratios in the sedimentary rocks range from less than 0.02 recenzja yubo to more than 21 . This ratio in the continental, oxidizing environment, weathered soils are above 7, while the most marine deposits, gray and green shales, and graywackes have ratios that are > 2 and < 7. However, in marine black shales and phosphates, it reaches below 2 . Schlumberger has developed several cross-plots to estimate the clay mineralogy in the subsurface formations in the absence of laboratory data. Many authors used them to recognize different clay minerals types [18, 20, 42, 43].